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Regenerative Agriculture

Most of Western agriculture is unsustainable and destructive, leading to desertification. Toxins are sprayed on our food, affecting our health, the health of our soils, the health of plants and water bodies - and even farming businesses. Multinationals are granted patents over genes - the origin of life. Existing Government policies do not appear to protect us from toxic, cancer-causing agricultural pesticides nor from unsafe genetically engineered crops and biologics. At Ludwig Lawyers, we believe that major policy change is required to create a society that supports healthy food, healthy land and healthy people.
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Regenerative Agriculture as Climate Change Solution

"If we made proper use of plants and water,
we could solve the problem of current climate extremes in one year." 

~Peter Andrews OAM, Australia

To be regenerative in farming, it is crucial to re-instate the water cycle with nature based solutions. Vegetation and water are the key to rapid climate recovery.

In Australia alone, over the last 200 years, a staggering 95% of all old growth forests have been burnt and logged and 95% of wetlands drained. The result: An disrupted short water cycle and long water cycle ('Biotic Pump' - the former 'Tanami Wind' in Austraila), with ever-increasing extreme climate events.

Find out more about importance of a functioning water cycle at "Rivers in the Sky - How Deforestation is Affecting Global Water Cycles" by Fred Pearce, 24 July 2018, and the scientific papers listed on the Science web page of The Australian Landscape Science Institute (TALS Institute). 

For the importance of rapid growing first succession plants, read the book "Weeds - Guardians of the Soil".

We can recover our climate. Projects are planned as part of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration that started on 1 January 2021. See for example 'Restoring the Central West', a project by TALS Institute.

Pesticides: Bad Health and ​Ecocide

Australian agriculture still uses many highly toxic chemicals. Approximately 30 of our commonly sprayed chemicals are no longer permitted in most other countries due to their high toxicity. 

Atrazine for example is one of the most widely used pesticides in Australian agriculture. It ends up in drinking water. Its primary manufacturer is the Swiss chemical company Syngenta. Ironically, Atrazine is not permitted to be used in Switzerland due to its high toxicity. 

Spraydrift and overspray have become a real problem. In the Central West NSW, it is killing trees and affects people's health, See Stop Poison Planes. 


Not even National Parks are safe from dangerous toxins. Watch the touching short film “Save the Locust” by farmer Eris O'Brien. It shows how the spraying of dangerous pesticides in National Parks affects our wildlife, people and water collected on roofs and running into rain water tanks.

More and more farmers have stopped purchasing expensive chemicals that do not yield the promised results. In his book 'The Call of the Reed Warbler', Charles Massy tells the stories of farmers, including himself, who have chosen to leave chemical agriculture behind and embrace regenerative farming.

Unfortunately, many well-meaning so-called "environmental" or "conservation" groups still use poisons in the impossible and destructive task of seeking to "eradicate" so-called "weeds".

A fundamental change in Government policies is required if we want to avert the collapse of our civilisations due to expanding deserts. The continuing "war on [so-called] weeds" poisons soil live, birds and frogs, and even us. See Johnson v Monsanto, Superior Court of California, and Organic Consumers Association: "Monsanto to Pay $289.2M in Landmark Roundup Lawsuit Verdict", 10 August 2018.

The nativism argument needs to urgently be re-examined. It is not based on the latest science but an outdated paradigm that has only existed since the end of the second World War. That's when pesticide companies created a new business model - Industrial Agriculture - to push their toxic products onto the world. "Invasion Biology" was invented. Before, no ecologist would have ever dreamt of supporting the large-scale poisoning of plants.

Let's stop poisoning all plants. Otherwise, Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" awaits.

Food Security with Agroecology Versus the 'GMOs Save the World' Myth

Food Security has been recognised as an essential task for our governments. 

Australia’s Food Security and farmers are under threat from many sources. Granting Coal Seam Gas (CSG) licences on prime agricultural land is only one example, planting of Genetically Modified Organisms ('GMOs') combined with heavy pesticide use is another.

The large seed and pesticide multinational corporations (Big Ag) insist on perpetuating the myth that GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) are the solution to world hunger.

This is simply not the case. Agroecological systems have been shown to be vastly superior in productivity - in addition to ecosystem services - to industrial agriculture systems. See the books 'Wealth Per Acre' and 'Health Per Acre' by Navdanya. 

The use of genetically engineered crops in combination with toxic pesticides depletes Australia's soils, resulting in desertification and ever more extreme climate events. In addition, Big Ag have abused the term 'sustainable'  to green-wash their unsustainable business practices and sell their highly toxic products.

This is nothing new of course. Misleading terminology has been used by Big Ag for decades. Some decades ago, the
 term 'Green Revolution' was coined - for a highly toxic industrial agriculture system. The 'Green Revolution' almost destroyed India. Yet, it is now being pushed into Africa.

What is now called 'Regenerative Agriculture' was not so long ago referred to as 'Sustainable Agriculture', a type of agriculture that provides long term stewardship for the land, a type of agriculture that does not deplete the precious topsoils but regenerates them. Examples of “Sustainable Agriculture” are Permaculture, Agroecology and Biodynamic Agriculture. When will the term 'Regenerative Agriculture' be hijacked by the chemical industry? It seems only a matter of time.

Patenting of Life & Plant Breeders Rights - Biopiracy?

For thousands of years, farmers have selected and saved their best seeds and animals to produce new varieties and breeds with improved qualities and yields. The Permaculture movement, started by Bill Mollison in the 1970s, has adopted this practice for organic agriculture and gardening, with a focus on high quality heirloom seeds, and by promoting its three Permaculture Ethics “Care of the Earth”, “Care of People” and “Fair Share”.

“Fair Share” is extremely important in an environment where we are faced with expanding deserts and mass extinction of species. To counter this, it would appear beneficial to share as freely as possible, both, inventions and discoveries, to enable us to come up with viable solutions fast. Stringent intellectual property rights on seeds, seed material and ultimately plants hinder fast research and development (R & D).

Over the years, it has become ever easier to obtain a patent, both in Australia and overseas. For example, the patenting of genes and biological materials, that is, the extension from patents on inventions to patents on discoveries, has led to some very unfair outcomes for farmers - as explained in the classic 1997 documentary on GM crops “The Future of Food” by Deborah Garcia. The film tells the story of Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser who was infamously sued by Monsanto for breach of patent when his canola crop was contaminated with GM seed from Monsanto.

In 2012, an attempt was made to recalibrate the patent system, with the enactment of the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Raising the Bar) Act 2012 (Cth) which amended the Patents Act 1990 (Cth). However, numerous shortcomings of the patent system, such as the practice of patenting genes, were not fixed with this Act. Instead the courts were left to deal with this. See Cancer Voices Australia v Myriad Genetics Inc [2013] FCA 65, Federal Court of Australia, Nicholas J, 15 February 2013. This was a test case on whether gene patents could be granted in Australia, specifically whether a patent could be granted over the BRCA1 gene. Watch Prof Peter Cashman explain the law and the court case before the hearing and before the judgment was handed down: “Patenting of Genes - Ownership of Crops and Cures by Multinationals”. The applicants lost the case. Nicholas J held that an isolated gene, in contrast to a gene in situ, was patentable. Ms Yvonne D'Arcy, the second applicant, appealed the case. The appeal was heard in August 2013 in the Full Federal Court in Sydney. Sadly, Yvonne D'Arcy lost the appeal: see D'Arcy v Myriad Genetics Inc [2014] FCAFC 115 (5 September 2014). The Full Federal Court decision was the opposite of what the highest court of the United States decided on the same issue, namely, that isolated genes cannot be patented in the United States. See the following news articles on that Full Federal Court of Australia judgment: "Australian federal court rules isolated genetic material can be patented - Decision is likened to ‘being allowed to patent oxygen’, as critics warn of serious repercussions for medical research", The Guardian, 5 September 2015, and "Calls for patent law reform after Federal Court judgment", ABC, 5 September 2014. Ms Yvonne D'Arcy was then given leave to appeal to the High Court of Australia. On 7 October 2015, Ms D'Arcy finally won. The High Court held that isolated genes cannot be patented in Australia. See D'Arcy v Myriad Genetics Inc [2015] HCA 35. The consequences of this judgment are far-reaching. Thousands of Australians patents appear to be void, confirmed by this test case.

Links

Education - Sustainable Farming Methods
  • Permaculture: Permaculture Principles
  • Natural Sequence Farming - Peter Andrews, "Tarwyn Park", Bylong Valley, NSW, Australia ("Tarwyn Park" was sold to Kepco in 2014, a Korean mining company that plans to replace this Australian treasure with an open cut coal mine - State Government approval pending - get on board if you want to save "Tarwyin Park" from being destroyed)
  • Keyline Plan - P A Yeomans, Australia
  • Agroecology - Dr Vandana Shiva - Navdanya International - Dr Vandana Shiva (India) and UN Report reference
  • Biodynamics: Biodynamics Sydney
  • Holistic Management, Savoury Institute
  • Pasture Cropping - Colin Seis, "Winona", Gulgong, NSW, Australia
Reports that support changes to Australian Government policies on land management and agriculture - economic and environmental considerations
  • "Wealth per Acre" by Dr Vandana Shiva, India
  • "Health per Acre - organic solutions to hunger", Navdanya, 2011
  • Australia Food Sovereignty Alliance - Peoples' Food Plan, Australia
  • "Save and Grow - A policymaker’s guide to the sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production" by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011
  • "Back from the brink - how Australia's landscape can be saved", by Peter Andrews, Natural Sequence Farming
Reports on the Dangers of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Pesticides
  • "The Future of Food", documentary by Deborah Koons Garcia
  • "GMO Myths and Truths", report by Dr John Fagan, Dr Michael Antonio and Claire Robinson, Earth Open Source, 19 May 2014
  • "10 Reasons we don't need GM foods", report by Dr John Fagan, Dr Michael Antonio and Claire Robinson, Earth Open Source, 23 May 2014
  • "GM Soy: Sustainable? Responsible?", 2010 report, co-ordinated by Earth Open Source
  • "Roundup and birth defects: Is the public being kept in the dark?", 2011 report, Earth Open Source
  • "Europe's food and pesticide regulators - who do they work for?" by Claire Robinson, Earth Open Source, April 2011
Experts
  • Michal Kravčík, Hydrologist, Environmentalist and Goldman Environmental Prize winner of 1999 for his contributions to the water management of the Torysa River, Ľudia a Voda and Rain for Climate
  • Dr Michael Antoniou, Molecular Geneticist, London - re dangers of glyphosate (active ingredient in RoundUp weed killer)
  • Dr Michelle Perro, Pediatrician, USA - re importance of eating organic food
  • Zen Honeycutt, "Expert Mom", Moms Across America - re dangers of Genetically Modified Organisms ("GMOs")
  • Professor Gilles-Eric Séralini, France - GMOs not safe
  • Dr Judy Carman, Australia - GMOs not safe
  • Professor Don M Huber, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, USA
  • Dr Christine Jones, Soil Restoration Farming, Soil Ecologist and "Carbon Goddess", Australia
  • Dr Luigi Palombi, Sydney, Australia - "Gene Cartels - biotech patents in the age of free trade"
Seed Banks
  • Seed Savers Network (Australia)
  • Navdanya International - Dr Vandana Shiva (India)
  • Kew’s Millennium Seedbank (MSB) (United Kingdom)
  • Global Crop Diversity Trust and Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway (“Doomsday Vault”)
  • PlantBank, Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan, NSW, Australia
Not for Profits - Regenerative Agriculture, Seed Freedom and Food Security & Anti GMO and Chemicals
  • Friendly Farms, NSW, Australia
  • The Australian Landscape Science Institute, NSW, Australia ("TALS Institute")
  • Gene Ethics, Melbourne, Australia
  • National Toxics Network, Australia
  • GM Free Australia Alliance, Melbourne, Australia
  • Regeneration International
  • Ľudia a Voda, Slovakia
  • Rain for Climate, Slovakia
  • MADGE (Mothers Are Demystifying Genetic Engineering), Melbourne, Australia
  • Sydney Food Fairness Alliance
  • Australia Food Sovereignty Alliance - Peoples' Food Plan
  • Safe Food Foundation, Australia
  • Earth Open Source, United Kingdom
  • Institute for Responsible Technology - Jeffrey Smith
  • Navdanya, India
  • Seed Freedom
  • Permaculture Australia
  • Holistic Management International
  • Savory Institute
Books on Land and Water Management
  • "Weeds - Guardians of the Soil" by Joseph A Coannouer
  • "The One-Straw Revolution" by Masanobu Fukuoka 
  • "Back from the Brink - How Australia's landscape can be saved" by Peter Andrews, NSW, Australia
  • "Beyond the Brink - Peter Andrews' Radical Vision for Sustainable Australian Landscape" by Peter Andrews, NSW, Australia
  • "Dark Emu - Black Seeds: Agriculture or Accident" by Bruce Pascoe, Vic, Australia
  • "Permaculture - a Designer's Manual" by Bill Mollison
  • "Cows Save the Planet" by Judith D Schwartz
  • "Water for Every Farm - Yeomans Keyline Plan" by P A Yeomans
  • "Call of the Reed Warbler - a New Agriculture - a New Earth" by Charles Massy
  • "Water for the Recovery of the Climate - A New Water Paradigm" by M. Kravčík, J. Pokorný, J. Kohutiar, M. Kováč, E. Tóth 
Documentaries and Lectures
  • "Michal Kravčík: 1999 Goldman Prize winner, Slovakia", Goldman Environmental Prize won for the 'Blue Alternative' which saved beautiful villages from a big dam
  • "The Future of Food" by Deborah Koons Garcia
  • "Health Risks from GMO Foods and Glyphosate-based Herbicides", talk by Dr Michael Antoniou, Sydney, March 2015
  • "Gluten - fad or reality? The health benefits of organic food", talk by Dr Michelle Perro, Paediatrician, Sydney, March 2015
  • "GMOs in our Food, the Herbicide Glyphosate and an Increase in Health Issues", talk by Zen Honeycutt, March 2015
  • "Genetic Roulette" by Jeffrey Smith of the Institute for Responsible Technology
  • "Food Matters" by James Colquhoun and Carlo Ledesma
  • "Food Inc" by Robert Kenner
  • "The Man who Stopped the Desert", on Yacouba Sawadogo, farmer in Burkina Faso
  • "The Rebel Farmer - Permaculture in the Salzburg Alps" - on Sepp Holzer, farmer in Austrian Alps
  • "The Economics of Happiness" by Helena Norbert-Hodge
  • "Save the Locust" - 2010 "Save the Locust" campaign by Eris O'Brien, sheep farmer, Vic, Australia
Short Talks
  • "Water is Life" by Michal Kravčík, Hydrologist, Environmentalist and Goldman Environmental Prize winner of 1999, for his contributions to the water management of the Torysa River, TEDX Bratislava, June 2011
  • "A plea for bees", TED talk by apiarist Dennis VanEngelsdorp, 2008
  • Percy Schmeiser talk re his farm being contaminated by Monsanto's GMO canola and being sued by Monsanto for breach of patent
  • "6 ways mushrooms can save the world, TED talk by Paul Stamets
  • "How I fell in love with a fish", TED talk by Dan Barber
  • "A guerilla gardener in South Central LA", TED talk by Ron Finley
  • "What's wrong with our food system?", TED talk by 11 year old Birke Baer
  • "How food shapes our cities", TED talk by architect Carolyn Steel
  • "How we can eat our landscapes", TED talk by Pam Warhurst, 2012

Legal Links

Patents - Australia
  • Patents Act 1990 (Cth) 
  • Patents Regulations 1991 (Cth)
  • IP Australia and AusPat
  • Inquiry into Gene Patents and Report dated 26 November 2010​
  • Patent Amendment (Human Genes and Biological Materials) Bill 2010 (completed Senate Inquiry). Unfortunately, the Parliament never voted for the Bill, and it lapsed. The Dissenting Report is worth reading, and, in the writer's view, the MPs should have relied on this Dissenting Report and should have enacted this Bill. Watch Dr Luigi Palombi explain the Bill at “Patenting of Genes - Ownership of Crops and Cures by Multinationals?” and at “What’s the Future of Food”.
  • Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Raising the Bar) Act 2012 (Cth) ("the Amendment Act"). The Amendment Act introduced a new "experimental use" defence into the Patents Act and a new definition of "useful" (see new section 7A of the Patents Act).
  • Cancer Voices Australia v Myriad Genetics Inc [2013] FCA 65, Federal Court of Australia, Nicholas J, 15 February 2013. This was a very important test case on whether gene patents could be granted in Australia, specifically whether a patent could be granted over the BRCA1 gene. Watch Prof Peter Cashman explain the law and the court case before the Federal Court hearing and before the judgment was handed down: “Patenting of Genes - Ownership of Crops and Cures by Multinationals”. The applicants lost the case in the Federal Court. Nicholas J held that an isolated gene, in contrast to a gene in situ, is patentable. Ms Yvonne D'Arcy, the second applicant, appealed the case to the Full Federal Court. The appeal was heard in August 2013 in Sydney. Yvonne D'Arcy lost: see D'Arcy v Myriad Genetics Inc [2014] FCAFC 115 (5 September 2014).  See also the following news articles on the Full Federal Court of Australia judgment: "Australian federal court rules isolated genetic material can be patented - Decision is likened to ‘being allowed to patent oxygen’, as critics warn of serious repercussions for medical research", The Guardian, 5 September 2015, and "Calls for patent law reform after Federal Court judgment", ABC, 5 September 2014. The Full Federal Court decision was in contrast to what the highest court of the United States, the United States Supreme Court, had already decided on the same issue, namely, that isolated genes could not be patented in the United States.Then, the High Court of Australia granted leave to appeal to Ms Yvonne D'Arcy, and Ms Darcy won her appeal in the High Court of Australia. On 7 October 2015, the High Court held that isolated genes could not be patented in Australia. See D'Arcy v Myriad Genetics Inc [2015] HCA 35 
Patents - United States
  • "Myriad Genetics" case. First instance: Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriad Genetics, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (held: genes not patentable). Second instance: Myriad Genetics v Association for Molecular Pathology, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (held: isolated DNA can be patented). Third instance: Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriad Genetics, Federal Court, second hearing, 16 August 2012 (held: isolated DNA can be patented). On 30 November 2013, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the plaintiffs' appeal of the Federal Circuit' ruling. Oral arguments were heard before the Supreme Court on 15 April 2013. See the transcript here. Myriad lost in The Supreme Court (the highest court in the United States) which decided on [insert date] that isolated genes cannot be patented: see [insert judgement details]
  • Prometheus case: Mayo Collaborative Services v Prometheus Laboratories Inc (Supreme Court of the Unites States, 20 March 2012)
  • “The Future of Food” - classic 1997 documentary on GM crops by Deborah Garcia
Patents - International
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT)
  • World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
  • Art 27 to 34 of TRIPS Agreement
Patents - Canada
  • Monsanto v Schmeiser: First instance: Monsanto v Schmeiser 2001 FCT 256 (Federal Court). Appeal decision: Schmeiser v Monsanto [2004] 1 SCR 902 (Supreme Court). Watch Percy Schmeiser talk about the problems with GMOs (genetically modified organisms).
 Plant Breeder’s Rights
  • Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994 (Cth)
  • Plant Breeder’s Rights Regulations 1994 (Cth)
  • IP Australia and PBR Search Database
  • International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)
  • International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention)
  • Introduction to UPOV - slideshow on the definitions of “UPOV”, “Variety”, “Improvement”, “Benefit”, “Protection”, “Breeder”, “Exceptions” and “Conditions”
Genetically Modified Organisms (“GMOs”)
  • A very important case is Steve Marsh's case he brought against his neighbour for GM Canola contamination of his property and subsequent loss of organic certification of his property due to the contamination. Unfortunately, Steve Marsh lost the case. See Marsh v Baxter, [2014] WASC 187 (Supreme Court of Western Australia decision of 28 May 2014). Steve March then appealed the decision, but the Court of Appeal of Western Australia dismissed his appeal. A costs order was made against Steve Marsh who applied for special leave to appeal to the High Court. The High Court did not grant special leave. See Marsh v Baxter [2016] HCATrans 22. With all due respect - a regretful outcome.
  • Gene Technology Act 2000 (Cth)
  • Gene Technology Regulations 2001 (Cth)
  • Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR)
  • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
  • CBD Secretariat
  • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000)
  • Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH)
  • Nagoya Protocol - Supplementary Treaty to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (on liability and redress) (2010)
  • “The Future of Food” - classic documentary on GM crops by Deborah Garcia (Canada and United States)
Labelling Laws
  • Food Standards Australia New Zealand Act 1991
  • Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (chemicals: food additives to assist in food processing or to achieve a technological purpose in food, eg, colouring and flavouring)
  • Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) (assessment and product registration) 
  • Food Standards Amendment (Truth in Labelling - Palm Oil) Bill 2011 (completed inquiry; report dated 19 September 2011)
  • Food Standards Amendment (Truth in Labelling - Genetically Modified Material) Bill 2010 (completed inquiry, report dated 24 August 2011)
  • Inquiry Into Food Production in Australia, 23 August 2010
Pesticides - Law Suits
  • Johnson v Monsanto, Superior Court of California, see Organic Consumers Association: "Monsanto to Pay $289.2M in Landmark Roundup Lawsuit Verdict", 10 August 2018; see live verdict
Pesticides - Government Departments
  • Department of Health and Ageing (Cth)
  • National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) (assessment only, not registration, of product)
  • Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Cth)
  • Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) (assessment, product  registration, quality assurance and compliance
Pesticides. The following pieces of legislation deal with chemicals. Agricultural products include chemicals which destroy or repel pests or plants.
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Administration) Act 1992
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code 1994 
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemical Products (Collection of Levy) Act 1994
Life Stock Farming
  • Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Cth)
  • Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) (assessment, product  registration, quality assurance and compliance
Life Stock Farming. The following pieces of legislation deal with chemicals. Agricultural products include chemicals which destroy or repel pests or plants. Veterinary products are used to prevent, diagnose or treat diseases of animals.
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (Administration) Act 1992
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code 1994 
  • Agricultural and Veterinary Chemical Products (Collection of Levy) Act 1994
International Environmental Law - Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) and Biodiversity
  • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
  • CBD Secretariat
  • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000)
  • Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH)
  • Nagoya Protocol - Supplementary Treaty to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (on liability and redress) (2010)
International Trade Law
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT)
  • World Trade Organisation (WTO)
  • WTO and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
  • Art 27 to 34 of TRIPS Agreement (Patents)
  • WTO and Agriculture and Doha Agriculture Negotiations
  • WTO and Anti-dumping
  • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
  • WTO and GATT and the Goods Council
  • WTO and Import Licensing
  • Australian Fair Trade and Investment Network (AFTINET)
Foreign Investment
  • Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 2015
  • Register of Foreign Ownership of Agricultural Land Act 2015
  • Foreign Investment Review Board
+61410 583 550 - info@ludwiglawyers.com
LUDWIG LAWYERS - Simple Solutions in a Complex Environment
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  • Welcome
  • ABOUT
    • BEATRICE LUDWIG
  • PRACTICE AREAS
    • Commercial Law
    • Intellectual Property Law
    • Civil Litigation & Dispute Resolution
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  • Regenerative Agriculture
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